It's just good business sense to make sure your bar code quality is contributing to your goals and keeping your customers systems on track. The speed and ease at which a scanner reads a symbol depends on the quality of the printed symbol, scanner capability and maintenance, and operator technique. Retailers or other users of the bar code can select and maintain their scanners and train their operators, but must rely on suppliers to provide good symbols on merchandise or shipments. When people look at a bar code symbol they see a series of alternating dark and light stripes of varying width. On the other hand, verifiers are designed to see the bar code symbol in a manner similar to that of a scanner. A verifier should be able to predict successful scans on virtually all types of properly maintained retail scanners.

There are two different methods for assessing bar code print quality, traditional and ISO/ANSI.  Traditional analysis evaluates symbol quality based on average print growth and symbol contrast. This form of analysis is extremely helpful when printing symbols, since print growth can be controlled and monitored while bar codes are being imaged.  For example, if a company is using a thermal transfer printer to print symbols and a verifier indicates too much print growth, the operator can reduce the heat setting on the printer to reduce the growth of the bars.

During the 1980’s an ISO/ANSI grading structure was established for bar code print quality.  ISO/ANSI analysis tries to evaluate symbols based upon the same mechanics that scanners use to read them.  Whereas traditional measurement of printed symbols provides a direct correlation between bar width and press gain, this analysis has limitations that ISO/ANSI better addresses.

ISO/ANSI Symbol Grade
There are nine attributes (or parameters) that are evaluated through a single scan path, which are derived from a scan reflectance profile.  Five of these attributes are subject to pass/fail criteria (A or F). Each of the remaining four attributes are graded (A, B,C,D,F). The overall grade for the scan reflectance profile (or single scan path) is the lowest grade for any of the nine attributes. The formal verification of a U.P.C. symbol requires ten scan reflectance profiles spaced along the symbol. The overall symbol grade is obtained by averaging the grades of the individual scan reflectance profiles.
 

The Scan Reflectance Parameters of Symbol Quality
The nine attributes which affect the grade of a scan reflectance profile consist of: Edge Determination, Minimum Reflectance, Symbol Contrast,  Minimum Edge Contrast, Modulation, Defects, Quiet Zone, Decode, and Decodability. As a general rule, all measurements of a symbol should be made with the U.P.C. in its final packaging environment.   See illustration below of the SRP.    
Edge Determination
When the verifier is unable to find an appropriate number of bars and spaces, it reports an edge determination failure. The verifier must find 59 elements (30 bars and 29 spaces) for a UPC-A.

There are several reasons why a symbol may appear to have too many or too few elements. Excessive bar growth (ink spread) may cause the smaller spaces to become so narrow that the verifier can no longer see them. In this case, the verifier would report fewer than 59 elements (for a Version A symbol). A different reason for failure is when one of the narrow bars is so weakly printed that the verifier cannot see it, resulting in 57.

Minimum Reflectance
The darkest bar must have a reflectance less than half of the background. This attribute is judged on a pass/fail basis. A failing grade for minimum reflectance will most often indicate that the bars should be printed darker or in a color that appears darker under red light.

Symbol Contrast
The blackest possible bars printed on the whitest possible surface would have a 100% contrast. Practical printing of the symbol on commercial materials results in less than 100% contrast. When the contrast becomes too low, scanners may have difficulty distinguishing the bars from the spaces; thus, higher contrast is desirable. Symbol contrast is graded A through F.
 
A low contrast grade indicates that either the bars are too light (not enough ink or ink not dark enough), the background is too dark, or both. Because the measurements are made with red light, it can be informative to visually inspect the symbol through a red transparency. When viewed in this fashion, the bars should appear to be much darker than the spaces. Generally speaking, the background (spaces) should be white or one of the warm colors (red, orange, yellow) and the bars should be black, brown, blue or green.

Minimum Edge Contrast
The attribute of minimum edge contrast is graded on a pass/fail basis. This parameter measures the smallest value for edge contrast in a scan reflectance profile between a bar and space.

Modulation
Scanners and verifiers perceive the narrow spaces to be less white than the wide spaces. Similarly, but to a lesser extent, the narrow bars in a symbol look less black than the wide bars. This diminished intensity of narrow elements as compared to that of wide elements is called modulation.

The most probable reason for a low modulation grade is ink spread, which reduces the width and intensity of the single module spaces within the symbol.

Defects
Printing defects are of two types, voids and spots. Voids are light areas within the bars. Spots are dark areas in the spaces. Defects are undesirable because the scanner may become confused and think that a defect is an additional bar or space within the symbol.  Symbols which yield profiles with poor defect grades can be examined with a good quality magnifier. The defects will be clearly visible. Usually, defects are voids that can be reduced or eliminated by increasing the amount of ink (or equivalent). Less often, excessive pigment or dirt may be deposited in the spaces, with resultant spots or inclusions.

Quiet Zone
Bar code symbol design mandates a quiet zone, or area of uniform light contrast, adjacent to the outer edges of the left and right hand guard bars. Printing in the quiet zone, using overwrap in a manner that affects the restricted area, and placing the symbol near the edge of a package, are common causes for failure to meet quiet zone specifications.

Decode
Dimensional errors in printing a symbol can make it difficult or impossible to scan. A verifier applies specific rules to the sequence of bars and spaces to decode them into a series of digits and guard bars. When the verifier is able to decode a symbol including its guard patterns, and when the check digit is consistent with the other 11 digits, the decode attribute passes with a grade of A; otherwise, the grade is F.

If all scan reflectance profiles for a symbol receive passing grades, but fail decode, the symbol is probably incorrectly encoded. It is reasonable to suspect that all or many of the symbols which were created by the same equipment in a similar time frame may also be defective. When only one out of several profiles fails to decode, the cause is usually a localized blemish in the symbol that can be spotted with a magnifier.

Decodability
Decodability is a graded attribute that measures how near the scan reflectance profile is to approaching decode failure. Symbols which are printed to a high degree of dimensional accuracy will exhibit high decodability grades.

One common reason for low decodability grades is ragged, uneven bar edges.  Another reason for low decodability is excessive bar growth (ink spread), which also tends to adversely affect modulation and edge determination. The creation of bar codes using an improperly designed graphics based software system is a likely cause of low decodability.

The ISO/ANSI Symbol Grade and Impact on Scanning
The overall symbol grade is obtained by averaging the grades of the individual scan reflectance. For example, if the ten individual profile grades were C, D, B, B, A, C, B, B, A, C; the symbol grade would be B. To be minimally acceptable, a U.P.C. symbol must have a grade of C or higher.   Below is an example of a 10 scan read.
 

   
 
 
 In general, symbols with higher quality grades can be expected to scan more easily and quickly than lower quality symbols of the same magnification. Larger magnification, the absence of truncation, and high print quality, contribute to fast, effortless scanning. Symbols that fail verification may scan easily under ideal conditions, but badly or not at all in other environments. High productivity is synonymous with high symbol grades. Lower grade levels, although satisfactory, may cause failure to meet productivity goals in less than optimum environments.

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